1109 Experiment St. - Melton Building - Griffin, GA 30223 USA - PH (770) 228-7284 - FAX (770) 229-3216
Dr. Michael Doyle
Regents Professor of Food Microbiology
Director, Center for Food Safety

Center for Food Safety
Dept. Food Science & Technology
University of Georgia
Griffin, GA 30223-1797
Office Phone: (770) 228-7284
E-Mail: mdoyle@uga.edu
Overview of Research Program
Dr. Doyle's research is in the area of food microbiology and focuses on bacterial foodborne pathogens.
Pathogens under study include Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other serotypes of enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium botulinum.
Development of probiotic/competitive exclusion bacteria to reduce/eliminate carriage of E. coli O157:H7 by cattle and Campylobacter jejuni by poultry.
Development of treatments using approved chemicals to kill foodborne pathogens on produce, meat and poultry.
Development of methods to isolate Helicobacter pylori from foods.
Studies on the infectious dose of Listeria monocytogenes
Studies on the ecology of Salmonella typhimurium DT104
 
Patents

Doyle, M. P., T. Zhao, B. G. Harmon, and C. A. Brown. November 5, 2003. Control of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 in cattle by probiotic bacteria. China Patent No. ZL 98808111.3.

Doyle, M.P. and T. Zhao. March 17, 2009. Composition and method for inhibition of microorganisms. European Patent Office # P713476EPPCT/DE.

Doyle, M.P. and T. Zhao. August 18, 2009. Composition and method for inhibition of microorganisms. U.S.A. Patent # 7,575,744.

Doyle, M. P., T. Zhao, B. G. Harmon, and C. A. Brown. January 10, 2002. Control of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 in cattle by probiotic bacteria. New Zealand Patent No. 502420.

Doyle, M. P., T. Zhao, B. G. Harmon, and C. A. Brown. October 12, 1999. Control of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 in cattle by probiotic bacteria. U.S.A. Patent #5,965,128.
Publications (2003 - present)
 

Alali, W.Q., C. L. Hofacre, G. F. Mathis, G. Faltys, S. C. Ricke, M. P. Doyle. 2013. Effect of non-pharmaceutical compounds on shedding and colonization of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in broilers. Food Control. 31: 125-128.  

Alali, W.Q., R. Gaydashov, E. Petrova, A. Panin, O. Tugarinov, A. Kulikovskii, D. Mamleeva, I. Walls, and M.P. Doyle. 2012. Prevalence of Salmonella on retail chicken meat in Russian federation .  J. Food Prot. 75:1469-1473.

Cannon, J.L., A. Aydin, A.N. Mann, S.L. Bolton, T. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2012. Efficacy of a levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate-based sanitizer on inactivation of human norovirus surrogates.  J. Food Prot. 75:1532-1535.

Cox, N.A., L.J. Richardson, J.J. Mauer, M.E. Berrang, P.J. Fedorka-Cray, R.J. Buhr, J.A. Byrd, M.D. Lee, C.L. Hofacre, P.M. O'Kane, A.M. Lammerding, A.G. Clark, S.G. Thayer, and M.P. Doyle. 2012. Evidence for horizontal and vertical transmission in Campylobacter passage from hen to her progency.  J. Food Prot. 75:1896-1902.

Donado-Godoy, P., V. Clavijo, M. Leon, M. Tafur, S. Gonzales, M. Hume, W. Alali, I. Walls, D.M.A.L.F. Wong, and M.P. Doyle. 2012. Prevalence of Salmonella on retail broiler chicken meat carcasses in Colombia .  J. Food Prot. 75:1134-1138.

Doyle, M.P. and M.C. Erickson. 2012. Opportunities for mitigating pathogen contamination during on-farm food production.  Int. J. Food Microbiol. 152:54-74.

Newell, C.R., L. Ma, and M. Doyle. 2012. Botulism challenge studies of a modified atmosphere package for fresh mussels: Inoculated pack studies.  J. Food Prot. 75:1157-1166.

Ta., Y.T., T.T. Nguyen, P.B. To, D.X. Pham, T.H.L. Hao, W.Q. Alali, I. Walls, D.M.A.L.F. Wong, and M.P. Doyle. 2012. Prevalence of Salmonella on chicken carcasses from retail markets in Vietnam .  J. Food Prot. 75:1851-1854.

Wang, B. Y., J. Hong, S. G. Ciancio, T. Zhao, and M. P. Doyle. 2012.  A novel formulation effective in killing oral biofilm bacteria. J. Int. Acad. Periodontology. 14:56-61.

Wang, H., J.C. McEntire, L. Zhang, X. Li, and M. Doyle. 2012. The transfer of antibiotic resistance from food to humans: facts, implications and future directions.  Rev. Sci. Tech.Off. Int. Epiz. 31:249-260.

Yang, B.W., M.L. Xi., X. Wang, S.H. Cui, T.L. Yue, H.S. Hao, Y. Wang, Y. Cui, W.Q. Alali, J.H. Meng, I. Walls, D.M.L. Wong, and M.P. Doyle. 2011. Prevalence of Salmonella on raw poultry at retail markets in China .  J. Food Prot. 74:1724-1728.

Zhao, T., P. Zhao, J.L. Cannon, and M.P. Doyle. 2011. Inactivation of Salmonella in biofilms and on chicken cages and preharvest poultry by levulinic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate.  J. Food Prot. 74:2024-2030.

Shepherd, M.W., J. Kim, X.P. Jiang, M.P. Doyle, and M.C. Erickson. 2011. Evaluation of physical coverings used to control Escherichia coli O157:H7 at the compost heap surface. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:5044-5049.

Ma, L., G.D. Zhang, and M.P. Doyle. 2011. Green fluorescent protein labelling of Listeria, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 for safety-related studies. PLoS One 4:e18083.

Erickson, M.C., C.C. Webb, J.C. Diaz-Perez, S.C. Phatak, J.J. Silvoy, L. Davey, A.S. Payton, J. Liao, L. Ma, and M.P. Doyle. 2010. Infrequent internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into field-grown leafy greens. J. Food Prot. 73:500-506.

Erickson, M.C., C.C. Webb, J.C. Diaz-Perez, S.C. Phatak, J.J. Silvoy, L. Davey, A.S. Payton, J. Liao, L. Ma, and M.P. Doyle. 2010. Surface and internalized Escherichia coli O157:H7 on field-grown spinach and lettuce treated with spray-contaminated irrigation water. J. Food Prot. 73:1023-1029.

Erickson, M.C., J. Liao, G. Boyhan, C. Smith, L. Ma, X. Jiang, and M.P. Doyle. 2010. Fate of manure-borne pathogen surrogates in static composting piles of chicken litter and peanut hulls.  Bioresource Technol. 101:1014-1020.

Erickson, M.C., J. Liao, A.S. Payton, D.G. Riley, C.C. Webb, L.E. Davey, S. Kimbrel, L. Ma, G.D. Zhang, I. Flitcroft, M.P. Doyle, and L.R. Beuchat. 2010. Preharvest internalization of Eschcerichia coli O157:H7 into lettuce leaves, as affected by insect and physical damage. J. Food Prot. 73:1809-1816.

Heringa, S.D., J. Kim, X.P. Jiang, M.P. Doyle, and M.C. Erickson. 2010. Use of a mixture of bacteriophages for biological control of Salmonella enterica strains in compost. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:5327-5332.

Shepherd, M., P. Liang, X. Jiang, M.P. Doyle, and M.C. Erickson. 2010. Microbiological analysis of composts produced on South Carolina poultry farms.  J. Appl. Microbiol. 108:2067-2076.

Cox, N.A., L.J. Richardson, J.A. Cason, R.J. Buhr, Y. Vizzier-Thaxton, D.P. Smith, P.J. Fedorka-Cray, C.P. Romanenghi, L.V.B. Pereira, and M.P. Doyle. 2010. Comparison of neck skin excision and whole carcass rinse sampling methods for microbiological evaluation of broiler carcasses before and after immersion chilling. J. Food Prot. 73:976-980.

Critzer, F.J. and M.P. Doyle. 2010. Microbial ecology of foodborne pathogens associated with produce. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 21:125-130.

Dorea, F.C., D.J. Cole, C. Hofacre, K. Zamperini, D. Mathis, M.P. Doyle, M.D. Lee, and J.J. Maurer. 2010. Effect of Salmonella vaccination of breeder chickens on contaminaiton of broiler chicken carcasses in integrated poultry operations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:7820-7825.

Ma, L., G.D. Zhang, P. Gerner-Smidt, R.V. Tauxe, and M.P. Doyle. 2010. Survival and growth of Salmonella in salsa and related ingredients. J. Food Prot. 73:434-444.

Mead, G., A.M. Lammerding, N. Cox, M.P. Doyle, F. Humbert, A. Kulikovsky, A. Panin, V.P. do Nascimento, and M. Wierup. 2010. Scientific and technical factors affecting the setting of Salmonella criteria for raw poultry: Global pespective. J. Food Prot. 73:1566-1590.

Tauxe, R.V., M.P. Doyle, T. Kuchenmueller, J. Schlundt, and C.E. Stein. 2010. Evolving public health approaches to the global challenge of foodborne infections. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 139:S16-S28.

Zhao, T., P. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2010. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 on alfalfa seeds by levulinic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate. J. Food Prot. 73:2010-2017.

Zhang, G., L. Ma, L.R. Beuchat, M.C. Erickson, V.H. Phelan, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Heat and drought stress during growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) does not promote internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7.  J. Food Prot. 72:2471-2475.

Zhang, G., L. Ma, L.R. Beuchat, M.C. Erickson, V.H. Phelan, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Lack of internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) after leaf surface and soil inoculation.  J. Food Prot. 72:2028-2037.

Zhang, G.D., L. Ma, L.R. Beuchat, M.C. Erickson, V.H. Phelan, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Evaluation of treatments for elimination of foodborne pathogens on the surface of leaves and roots of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).  J. Food Prot. 72:228-234.

Erickson, M.C., J. Liao, L. Ma, X. Jiang, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in cow manure composts formulated to different initial C:N ratios. Bioresource Technol. 100:5898-5903.

Taormina , P.J., L.R. Beuchat, M.C. Erickson, L. Ma, G.D. Zhang, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to iceberg lettuce via simulated field coring.  J. Food Prot. 72:465-472.

Erickson, M.C., J. Liao, L. Ma, X.P. Jiang, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Pathogen inactivation in cow manure compost. Compost Sci. Util. 17:229-236.

Ma, L., G. Zhang, P. Gerner-Smidt, V. Mantripragada, K. Ezeoke, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Thermal inactivation of Salmonella in peanut butter. J. Food Prot. 72:1596-1601.

Zhang, G., L. Ma, V.H. Phelan, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Efficacy of antimicrobial agents in lettuce leaf processing water for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot. 72:1392-1397.

Zhao, T., P. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce and poultry skin by combinations of levulinic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate. J. Food Prot. 72:928-936.

Taormina , P.J., L.R. Beuchat, M.C. Erickson, L. Ma, G.D. Zhang, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to iceberg lettuce via simulated field coring.  J. Food Prot. 72:465-472.

Zhang, G.D., L. Ma, L.R. Beuchat, M.C. Erickson, V.H. Phelan, and M.P. Doyle. 2009. Evaluation of treatments for elimination of foodborne pathogens on the surface of leaves and roots of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).  J. Food Prot. 72:228-234.

Ma, L., G.D. Zhang, B. Swaminathan, M. Doyle, and A. Bowen. 2009. Efficacy of protocols for cleaning an disinfecting infant feeding bottles in less developed communitieis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81:132-139.

Doyle, M.P. 2008. From wild pigs and spinach to tilapia and Asia : The challenges of the food safety community (The John H. Silliker Lecture).  Food Prot. Trends 28:800-803.

Doyle, M.P. and M.C. Erickson. 2008. Summer meeting 2007 – the problems with fresh produce: an overview.  J. Appl. Microbiol. 105:317-330.

Smith, M.A., K. Takeuchi, G. Anderson, G.O. Ware, H.M. McClure, R.B. Raybourne, N. Mytle, and M.P. Doyle. 2008. Dose-response model for Listeria monocytogenes-induced stillbirths in nonhuman primates.  Infect. Immun. 76:726-731.

Danyluk, M.D., T. Zhao, and M.P. Doyle. 2007. Competitive inhibition bacteria of bovine origin against Salmonella serovars.  J. Food Prot. 70:1804-1810.

Erickson, M.C. and M.P. Doyle. 2007. Food as a vehicle for transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.  J. Food Prot. 70:2426-2449.

Ma., L., J.L. Kornacki, G.D. Zhang, C.M. Lin, and M.P. Doyle. 2007. Development of thermal surrogate microorganisms in ground beef for in-plant critical control point validation studies.  J. Food Prot. 70:952-957.

Ma, L., G. Zhang, J. Sobel, and M.P. Doyle. 2007. Evaluation of the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on Clostridium botulinum growth and toxin production.  J. Food Prot. 70:2860-2863.

Shepherd, M.W., P.F. Liang, X.P. Jiang, M.P. Doyle, and M.C. Erickson. 2007. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during on-farm dairy manure-based composting.  J. Food Prot. 70:2708-2716.

Zhang, G.D., L. Ma, and M.P. Doyle. 2007. Potential competitive exclusion bacteria from poultry inhibitory to Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella.  J. Food Prot. 70:867-873.

Zhang, G.D., L. Ma, and M.P. Doyle. 2007. Salmonellae reduction in poultry by competitive exclusion bacteria Lactobacillus salivarius and Streptococcus cristatus.  J. Food Prot. 70:874-878.

Zhang, G., L. Ma, O.A. Oyarzabal, and M.P. Doyle. 2007. Aerosol studies with Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes.  J. Food Prot. 70:1857-1865.

Zhang, G.D., L. Ma, N. Patel , B. Swaminathan, S. Wedel, and M.P. Doyle. 2007. Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium from outbreak-associated cake mix.  J. Food Prot. 70:997-1001.

Doyle, M.P. 2006. Dealing with antimicrobial resistance.  Food Technol. 60(8):22-29.

Doyle, M.P. and M.C. Erickson. 2006. Reducing the carriage of foodborne pathogens in livestock and poultry. Poultry Sci. 85:960-973.

Doyle, M.P. and M.C. Erickson. 2006. Emerging microbiological food safety issues related to meat. Meat Sci. 74:98-112.

Doyle, M.P. and M.C. Erickson. 2006. Closing the door on the fecal coliform assay.  Microbe 1(4):162-163.

Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) Task Force. 2006. Issue paper: Using risk analysis to inform microbial food safety decisions.  CAST Issue Paper 31:1-20.

Jiang, X.P., H. Yang, B. Dettman, and M.P. Doyle. 2006. Analysis of fecal microbial flora for antibiotic resistance in ceftiofur-treated calves.  Foodborne Pathogens Dis. 3:355-365.

Lin, C.M., K. Takeuchi, L. Zhang, C.B. Dohm, J. D. Meyer, P.A. Hall, and M.P. Doyle. 2006. Cross-contamination between processing equipment and deli meats by Listeria monocytogenes.  J. Food Prot. 69:71-79.

Lin, C.M., L. Zhang, M.P. Doyle, and B. Swaminathan. 2006. Comparison of media and sampling locations for isolation of Listeria monocytogenes in queso fresco cheese.  J. Food Prot. 69:2151-2156.

Mao,Y., M.P. Doyle, and J. Chen. 2006. Role of colonic acid exopolysaccharide in the survival of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 42:642-647.

Mytle, N., G.L. Anderson, M.P. Doyle, and M.A. Smith. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of clove (Syzgium aromaticum) oil in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes on chicken frankfurters.  Food Control 17:102-107.

Mytle, N., G.L. Anderson, S. Lambert, M.P. Doyle, and M.A. Smith. 2006. Effect of fat content on infection by Listeria monocytogenes in a mouse model.  J. Food Prot. 69:660-665.

Takeuchi, K., N. Mytle, S. Lambert, M. Coleman, M.P. Doyle, and M.A. Smith. 2006. Comparison of Listeria monocytogenes virulence in a mouse model.  J. Food Prot. 69:842-846.

Zhao, T. and M.P. Doyle. 2006. Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken wings by chemical treatments.  J. Food Prot. 69:762-767.

Zhao, T., T.C. Podtburg, P. Zhao, B.E. Schmidt, D.A. Baker, B. Cords, and M.P. Doyle. 2006. Control of Listeria spp. by competitive-exclusion bacteria in floor drains of a poultry processing plant.  Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:3314-3320.

Zhao, T., P. Zhao, J.W. West, J.K. Bernard, H.G. Cross, and M.P. Doyle. 2006. Inactivation of enterohemorrhagic E. coli in drinking water for cattle contaminated with rumen content or feces.  Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:3268-3273.

Batz, M. B., M. P. Doyle, J. G. Morris, J. Painter, R. Singh, R. B. Tauxe, M. R. Taylor, and D. M. A. Lo Fo Wong. 2005. Attributing illness to food.  Emerg. Infect. Dis. 111:993-999.

ILSI Research Foundation Risk Science Institute Expert Panel on Listeria monocytogenes in foods. 2005. Achieving continuous improvement in reductions in foodborne listeriosis – A risk-based approach.  J. Food Prot. 68:1932-1994.

Islam, M., M. P. Doyle, S. C. Phatak, P. Millner, and X. Jiang. 2005. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on carrots and onions grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water.  Food Microbiol. 22:63-70.

Mytle, N., G. L. Anderson, M. P. Doyle, and M. A. Smith. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of clove (Syzgium aromaticum) oil in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes on chicken frankfurters.  Food Control 17:102-107.

Strachan, N. J. C., M. P. Doyle, F. Kasuga, O. Rotariu, and I. D. Ogden. 2005. Dose response modeling of Escherichia coli O157 incorporating data from foodborne and environmental outbreaks.  Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103:35-48.

Busta, F. F., M. P. Doyle, R. S. Flowers, R. G. Labbe, J. Lovett, J. M. Madden, J. C. McEntire, R. L. Newsome, M. D. Pierson, and N. R. Reddy. 2004. Bacteria associated with foodborne diseases.  Food Technol. 58(7):95-103.

Chiou, R. Y.-Y., R. D. Phillips, P. Zhao, M. P. Doyle, and L. R. Beuchat.  2004.  Ethanol-mediated variations in fatty acid composition and protein profiles of two genotypically different strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7.  Appl. Environ. Microbiol.  70:2204-2210.

Doyle, M. P., G. R. Acuff, D. Bernard, B. Cords, J. Cullor, J. Hollingsworth, K. P. Penner, S. Seward, W. A. Sperber, and B. Tompkin. 2004. Intervention strategies for the safety of foods of animal origin.  Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) Issue Paper No. 25, pp. 1-24.

Erickson, M. C., M. Islam, C. Sheppard, J. Liao, and M. P. Doyle. 2004. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly.  J. Food Prot. 67:685-690.

Islam, M., M. P. Doyle, S. C. Phatak, P. Millner, and X. P. Jiang. 2004. Persistence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water.  J. Food Prot. 67:1365-1370.

Islam, M., J. Morgan, M. P. Doyle, and X. P. Jiang. 2004. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in manure compost-amended soil and on carrots and onions grown in an environmentally controlled growth chamber.  J. Food Prot. 67:574-578.

Islam, M., J. Morgan, M. P. Doyle, S. C. Phatak, P. Millner, and X. P. Jiang. 2004. Fate of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on carrots and radishes grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water.  Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2497-2502.

Islam, M., J. Morgan, M. P. Doyle, S. C. Phatak, P. Millner, and X. P. Jiang. 2004. Persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on lettuce and parsley and in soils on which they were grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water.  Foodborne Pathogens Dis. 1:27-35.

Jiang, X. P., M. Islam, J. Morgan, and M. P. Doyle. 2004. Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in bovine manure-amended soil.  J. Food Prot. 67:1676-1681.

Zhao, T., M. P. Doyle, M. C. Kemp, R. S. Howell, and P. Zhao. 2004. Influence of freezing and freezing plus acidic calcium sulfate and lactic acid addition on thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef.  J. Food Prot. 67:1760-1764.

Zhao, T., M. P. Doyle, and P. Zhao. 2004. Control of Listeria monocytogenes in a biofilm by competitive-exclusion microorganisms.  Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:3996-4003.

Jiang, X., J. Morgan, and M. P. Doyle. 2003. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during composting of bovine manure in a laboratory-scale bioreactor.  J. Food Prot. 66:25-30.

Jiang, X., J. Morgan, and M. P. Doyle. 2003. Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cow manure compost.  J. Food Prot. 66:1771-1777.

Lin, C.-M., F. M. Wu, H.-K. Kim, M. P. Doyle, B. S. Michaels, and L. K. Williams. 2003. A comparison of handwashing techniques to remove Escherichia coli and caliciviruses under natural or artificial fingernails.  J. Food Prot. 66:2296-2301.

Michaels, B., V. Gangor, C.-M. Lin, and M. P. Doyle. 2003. Use limitations of alcoholic instant hand sanitizer as part of a food service hand hygiene program.  Food Serv. Tech. 3:71-80.

Smith, M. A., K. Takeuchi, R. E. Brackett, H. M. McClure, R. B. Raybourne, K. M. Williams, U. S. Babu,
G. O. Ware, J. R. Broderson, and M. P. Doyle. 2003. A nonhuman primate model for Listeria monocytogenes-induced stillbirths.  Infect. Immun. 71:1574-1579.

Takeuchi, K., M. A. Smith, and M. P. Doyle. 2003. Pathogenicity of food and clinical Listeria monocytogenes isolates in a mouse bioassay.  J. Food Prot. 66:2362-2366.

Tkalcic, S., T. Zhao, B. G. Harmon, M. P. Doyle, C. A. Brown, and P. Zhao. 2003. Fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in weaned calves following treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli.  J. Food Prot. 66:1184-1189.

Zhao, T., G. O. I. Ezeike, M. P. Doyle, Y.-C. Hung, and R. S. Howell. 2003. Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni on poultry by low-temperature treatment.  J. Food Prot. 66:652-655.

Zhao, T., S. Tkalcic, M. P. Doyle, B. G. Harmon, C. A. Brown, and P. Zhao. 2003. Pathogenicity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in neonatal calves and evaluation of fecal shedding by treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli.  J. Food Prot. 66:924-930.